So he decided to use a phosphorus-containing compound with a strong affinity for oxygen. Despite the revised outlook, steps must be taken to address the problems of high-waste phosphorus in manufacture, nutrient loss to the environment, and availability of appropriate products to smallholders. Mitchell and Miller advised that no more than one grain should be taken per day. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. A brief history of phosphorus: From the philosopher’s stone to nutrient recovery and reuse. Whilst these events led to profound advances in technology, public health and food production, they have fundamentally broken the global phosphorus cycle. Leroy swallowed a dose of three grains of phosphorus, again in an opium substrate: For two hours he was in a critical situation and took quantities of cold water until the uneasiness passed off. Brandt served as a junior army officer in the Thirty Years War before he was able, with the assistance of his first wife's substantial dowry, to pursue his interests in alchemy. By Alan Dronsfield, Pete Ellis2010-09-01T00:00:00+01:00. It was becoming increasingly obvious that it wasn't working. By the time his wife died, her fortune was exhausted, but his second wife was a wealthy widow, allowing him to continue his search.

No wonder that it was later promoted as a 'brain food'. Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand, who prepared it from urine. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. This site uses cookies from Google and other third parties to deliver its services, to personalise adverts and to analyse traffic. He investigated urine and, though this led him to discover phosphorus (boiling 50 buckets of urine to obtain 120 g of the element), it proved unsuccessful in transforming lead to gold. Not less than 50-60 buckets per experiment in fact, each of which required more than a fortnight to complete. Sitting in his basement, observing the glow of the newly discovered element, Brand had no idea that in 350 years, this discovered element would be responsible for keeping billions of people alive. It is clear a ‘Fourth Revolution’ is required to resolve this dilemma and ensure humanity can continue to feed itself into the future while protecting environmental and human health. A Brief History of Phosphorus Around 1669, in his basement in Hamburg, Germany, Hennig Brand, one of the last alchemists, boiled down about 1,500 gallons of human urine in search of the Philosopher’s Stone. Johann Lincke, a German apothecary, sold pills, allegedly containing 200 mg of yellow phosphorus protected from the atmosphere by a surface layer of gold or silver, for treating 'colic, asthmatic fevers, tetanus, apoplexy and gout. In the research and development world, we call that a win-win-win. In part, he wanted to find the philosopher's stone, which would 'turn base metals (such as lead) into gold'. Phosphorus is unique among elements in first being discovered in human urine. Not long after, IFDC scientists began exploring an innovative and practical approach to enhancing the agronomic efficiency of directly applied PR. History Etymology The name Phosphorus in Ancient Greece was the name for the planet Venus and is derived from the Greek words (φῶς = light, φέρω = carry), which …

These alchemists believed this mystic stone could transmute any metal into gold. Using a 1:1 compaction ratio of TSP and PR, IFDC scientists discovered that the PR became more reactive and yielded a relative agronomic efficiency (RAE) value greater than 80% in greenhouse trials. One of their preparations involved emulsifying the element with sweet almonds and then diluting down with 'spiritus nitre dulcis' (ethyl nitrite). Field trials are in progress in Ghana and Kenya with additional trials planned for Angola and Niger. 46 David Lilienthal Dr, Muscle Shoals, AL 35661.

Proper remedies were afterwards employed, which occasioned his recovery.3. However, the complexity of phosphorus' role in the brain remained little explored until the work of another German, Johann Thudichum, in the late 19th century. In other quarters his remedies have been used in secret and the cures attributed to other causes.11. In the mid-19th century John Francis Churchill, a doctor working in Paris, hypothesised that those suffering from tuberculosis were unable to use inspired oxygen effectively because they lacked a key element. Origin of name : from the Greek word " phosphoros " meaning " bringer of light " (an ancient name for the planet Venus?). Earlier origins are a mystery, as phosphorus may have been discovered in ancient Rome, then its secret lost through the ages (Emsley, 2000). Previously, estimates predicted global production to reach “peak phosphorus” by the 2030s, but an IFDC report conducted in 2010 suggested that world reserves and resources should last another 300-400 years. In the early Middle Ages 'physicians' treated most illnesses ineffectually, with herbs and plant extracts. Paracelsus (1493-1541) challenged this practice, suggesting inorganic chemical remedies would be better. The hypophosphites of soda and lime are certain prophylactics against tubercular disease.9. Even so, in the history of the earth, and considering future needs, this is only a drop in the bucket. Tuberculosis (consumption, or 'phthisis' when it was confined to the lung) was a dreaded disease in earlier times, with effective treatment by antibiotics not available until the 1950s.8 Until then patients generally died from the illness. Yet today’s phosphorus use patterns have resulted in both a global environmental epidemic of eutrophication and led to a situation where the future availability of the world’s main sources of phosphorus is uncertain. Phosphorus, like arsenic, is slightly more toxic to the foetus than the mother. Alternatively, if indigenous PRs could be made reactive, then farmers would have locally available P fertilizers, governments would save considerably on importation of P fertilizers, and small to medium mining companies would have new sources of business. Swedish figures for the period 1851-1903 record over 1400 identified cases of such poisoning, of which only 10 mothers survived.7 It was this risk, together with the risk to the match workers of developing yellow phosphorus-induced necrosis of the jaw bone (phossy jaw) that led to its replacement by the much safer red allotrope, around 1900. IFDC developed a decision support tool, the Phosphate Rock Decision Support System (PRDSS), that helps users decide under which conditions (soils, crops, weather) direct application of PR is agronomically and economically feasible. He allowed urine to ferment, boiled it down and dry-distilled the residue with potassium hydrogensulfate. Though the research yielded good agronomic results, the acidulation process proved costly due to issues of transport and handling of the acid. Thankfully, phosphorus is now primarily obtained from phosphate rock (Ca 3 (PO 4) 2). The journal, though, inserts a note of caution: The reception of so an important a discovery has not been encouraging. In addition, another treatment was gaining momentum.

Alan Dronsfield is emeritus professor of the history of science in the school of education, health and sciences, at the University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB. This was hailed as a revolutionary treatment and, despite no firm evidence that it was effective, it enjoyed a 20-year cruel popularity from 1890. Source: Library of Congress/Science Photo Library. In some the disease was already so far advanced that recovery was impossible; in other, carelessness of the patient, his manner of life, or the presence of special complications led to a negative result. Desperate for funds, he sold his secret to Daniel Kraft of Dresden, another alchemist, on the condition he did not tell the German alchemist Johann Kunckel, who was later to prepare phosphorus from urine himself and publish his findings. A Dr Gabi Mentz reported that phosphorus was a 'cure' for: on the third day of the disease [typhus] the patient was deprived of the use of his external senses; that he became delirious and exceedingly exhausted. He called them 'Kunckel's pills' after Johann Kunckel (1630-1702), a German chemist who continued Brandt's work on the element, and cast it into spherical pills (stored under water) to use in later chemical experimentation. This report chimes with an observation made by the French chemist Bertrand Pelletier, undated but probably a little earlier: A drake and several ducks having drunk from a basin containing a solution of phosphorus and copper, died.

Paracelsus (1493-1541) challenged this practice, suggesting inorganic chemical remedies would be better. If a remission occurred, it was attributed to the hypophosphites. In what is perhaps the most disgusting method of discovering an element, phosphorus was first isolated in 1669 by Hennig Brand, a German physician and alchemist, by boiling, filtering and otherwise processing as many as 60 buckets of urine. The Anglo-French Drugs Industry (an Indian company) markets Maximin Forte Syrup. During the intervening three centuries numerous other chemical miracles have been found, yet phosphorus retains a special aura of universal importance in chemistry.

And his first major treatise was on the pathology of urine. Experience has shown that the application of this remedy requires the utmost caution; and it may sometimes prove very dangerous (causing) a vehement inflammation in the stomach and bowels.often terminating in death.5. Preliminary results indicate that activated PR provides opportunities for direct application of low to medium reactivity PRs with realistic yields and on a wider range of soils. The process of creating products from this rock is expensive, energy intensive, and, along the chain from mine to product, very inefficient, producing literally tons of waste in the form of phosphogypsum and other byproducts.

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