delivered the opinion of the court. [Washington, D.C.? opens with a definition of citizenship – not only citizenship of the United States, but citizenship of the States. Yet, as public support for Reconstruction waned in the North during the mid-1870s, it also waned in the national judiciary.

Fairly construed these amendments may be said to rise to the dignity of a new Magna Charta. The argument .

There may thus be a double citizenship, each having some rights peculiar to itself.

If this inhibition has no reference to privileges and immunities of this character, but only refers, as held by the majority of the court in their opinion, to such privileges and immunities as were before its adoption specially designated in the Constitution or necessarily implied as belonging to citizens of the United States, it was a vain and idle enactment, which accomplished nothing and most unnecessarily excited Congress and the people on its passage.
: Chas.

The Court, in a 5-4 decision, ruled that the Privileges and Immunities Clause was not violated by the monopoly. The fourteenth amendment consists of five sections.

.

Liberty is freedom from all restraints but such as are justly imposed by law. "The equal protection of the laws" places all upon a footing of legal equality and gives the same protection to all for the preservation of life, liberty, and property, and the pursuit of happiness.[3]. . It is only over those which belong to the citizen of the United States that the category here in question throws the shield of its protection. They are a bulwark of defence, and can never be made an engine of oppression. Local butchers operating separate slaughtering businesses sued Louisiana under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Privileges and Immunities Clause. This section does not in anywise affect them; such was not its purpose. The prejudices and apprehension as to the central government which prevailed when the Constitution was adopted were dispelled by the light of experience.
. . And still further, such a construction followed by the reversal of the judgments of the Supreme Court of Louisiana in these cases, would constitute this court a perpetual censor upon all legislation of the States, on the civil rights of their own citizens, with authority to nullify such as it did not approve as consistent with those rights, as they existed at the time of the adoption of this amendment. The Supreme Court justices considering the case also understood the significance of their decision. .


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