A. Skinner, R. Carrington, and A. Flanagan, “A prospective, randomised study comparing two techniques of autologous chondrocyte implantation for osteochondral defects in the knee: periosteum covered versus type I/III collagen covered,”, A. H. Gomoll, C. Probst, J. Farr, B. J. Cole, and T. Minas, “Use of a type I/III bilayer collagen membrane decreases reoperation rates for symptomatic hypertrophy after autologous chondrocyte implantation,”, S. Roberts, J. Menage, L. J. Sandell, E. H. Evans, and J.

Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Later, the study was withdrawn after evidence showed that the malignant traits were associated with contamination of cell lines, but not with MSCs [192].

This process involves drilling tiny holes into the surface of a joint, and it’s seen to stimulate the growth of new cartilage-like tissue.

The effect of adipocyte tissue derived stem cell therapy,”, Y. S. Kim, Y. J. Choi, D. S. Suh et al., “Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in osteoarthritic knees: is fibrin glue effective as a scaffold?”, Y. Nakagawa, T. Muneta, K. Otabe et al., “Cartilage derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells expresses lubricin in vitro and in vivo,”, K. Rezwan, Q. For example, PLGA scaffolds have been proposed to structurally support cartilage formation [88].

attempted to induce chondrogenesis of hiPSCs derived from fetal neural stem cells isolated from human embryos [183]. A. Rim, and J. H. Ju, “Chondrogenic pellet formation from cord blood-derived induced pluripotent stem cells,”, B. O. Diekman, N. Christoforou, V. P. Willard et al., “Cartilage tissue engineering using differentiated and purified induced pluripotent stem cells,”, B. Saitta, J. Passarini, D. Sareen et al., “Patient-derived skeletal dysplasia induced pluripotent stem cells display abnormal chondrogenic marker expression and regulation by, M. D. Phillips, S. A. Kuznetsov, N. Cherman et al., “Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells toward bone and cartilage: in vitro versus in vivo assays,”, L. G. Villa-Diaz, S. E. Brown, Y. Liu et al., “Derivation of mesenchymal stem cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells cultured on synthetic substrates,”, Y. Zhu, X. Wu, Y. Liang et al., “Repair of cartilage defects in osteoarthritis rats with induced pluripotent stem cell derived chondrocytes,”, A. Yamashita, M. Morioka, Y. Yahara et al., “Generation of scaffoldless hyaline cartilaginous tissue from human iPSCs,”, D. Rubio, J. Garcia-Castro, M. C. Martín et al., “Spontaneous human adult stem cell transformation,”, A. Torsvik, G. V. Rosland, A. Svendsen et al., “Spontaneous malignant transformation of human mesenchymal stem cells reflects cross-contamination: putting the research field on track – letter,”, G. V. Rosland, A. Svendsen, A. Torsvik et al., “Long-term cultures of bone marrow–derived human mesenchymal stem cells frequently undergo spontaneous malignant transformation,”, M. M. Lalu, L. McIntyre, C. Pugliese et al., “Safety of cell therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (SafeCell): a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials,”, M. Turner, S. Leslie, N. G. Martin et al., “Toward the development of a global induced pluripotent stem cell library,”, Y.
Expression of ECM proteins such as collagen type II and the early chondrogenic marker Sox9 was subsequently detected.

The process also worked in mice with human tissue, suggesting that the treatment would be viable in humans.

A. Buckwalter and H. J. Mankin, “Articular cartilage: degeneration and osteoarthritis, repair, regeneration, and transplantation,”, S. B. Abramson and M. Attur, “Developments in the scientific understanding of osteoarthritis,”, M. B. Goldring and K. B. Marcu, “Cartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseases,”, L. Troeberg and H. Nagase, “Proteases involved in cartilage matrix degradation in osteoarthritis,”, J. J. Lee, S. J. Lee, T. J. Lee, T. H. Yoon, and C. H. Choi, “Results of microfracture in the osteoarthritic knee with focal full-thickness articular cartilage defects and concomitant medial meniscal tears,”, J. R. Steadman, W. G. Rodkey, and J. J. Rodrigo, “Microfracture: surgical technique and rehabilitation to treat chondral defects,”, D. D. Frisbie, J. T. Oxford, L. Southwood et al., “Early events in cartilage repair after subchondral bone microfracture,”, G. Knutsen, L. Engebretsen, T. C. Ludvigsen et al., “Autologous chondrocyte implantation compared with microfracture in the knee: a randomized trial,”, A. S. Levy, J. Lohnes, S. Sculley, M. LeCroy, and W. Garrett, “Chondral delamination of the knee in soccer players,”, K. Mithoefer, R. J. Williams III, R. F. Warren et al., “The microfracture technique for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions in the knee.

Pathological changes include cartilage degradation, osteophyte formation, and inflammation. As it wears away with age or is damaged by injury, ongoing pain and inflammation can follow, leading to arthritis and other conditions.
The high cost of tissue engineering can also be reduced by using homozygous-HLA hiPSCs which requires minimal biological and chemical treatments. suggested a more defined protocol for in vitro chondrogenesis of hiPSCs in 2012 [184]. Many researchers are currently collecting cells homozygous for these three HLA types; however, further research is required to improve allogeneic transplantation of neocartilage. Therefore, efforts (i.e., complete differentiation or purification) to avoid this risk are necessary.

Cell-based therapies are emerging as a means to regenerate cartilage. FGF2-treated BMSCs demonstrate enhanced expansion (increase of 3500-fold versus nontreated BMSCs), increased accumulation of proteoglycans, and downregulation of collagen type I expression. The healing ability of chondrogenic cells derived from hiPSCs was recently investigated in several animal models.

implanted hiPSC-derived chondrogenic cells into larger animals. Teratomas generated from hiPSCs contain hyaline cartilage.

During development, skeletal tissues (including cartilage) are derived from the mesoderm germ layer. Among these 46 clinical studies, 18 studies erroneously referred to adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fractions as "adipose-derived MSCs," 2 studies referred to peripheral blood-derived progenitor cells as "peripheral blood-derived MSCs," and 1 study referred to bone marrow aspirate concentrate as "bone marrow-derived MSCs.". In the surgically induced cartilage damaged animal model, intra-articular injection of labeled BMSCs promoted cartilage tissue regeneration compared to the control group. The accumulated ECM proteins lubricate the surface, meaning it can transmit loads without friction [27].


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