Upon arrival, active enzymes, such as tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, are secreted against the mineral substrate. [40] Progenitor cells such as the hematopoietic stem cell divide in a process called mitosis to produce precursor cells. It is frequently used in anthropology, archeology and forensic science for a variety of tasks.

There are three types of specialized cells in human bones: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. [14], As well as creating cells, bone marrow is also one of the major sites where defective or aged red blood cells are destroyed. The periosteum provides a good blood supply to the bone and a point for muscular attachment.

If the cancer is metastatic, then there might be other symptoms depending on the site of the original cancer. Cancers of bone marrow may be treated with chemotherapy, and other forms of targeted therapy such as immunotherapy may be used. Sci Rep. 2020 Jul 1;10(1):10740. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67563-9.

Bone marrow is soft, spongy, gelatinous tissue that fills the centers of bones known as medullary cavities.
(2)Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute (MMCRI), Scarborough, …

This may lead to compression of the spinal cord, destruction of the marrow resulting in bruising, bleeding and immunosuppression, and is one cause of bone pain. Above 30% of the acellular part of bone consists of the organic components, and 70% of salts. Other anatomical terms are also used to describe the location of bones.
[34] In the upper limbs, only the diaphyses of the long bones and scapula are ossified. Osteoblasts and osteocytes are involved in the formation and mineralization of bone; osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue. These cells include osteoblasts, which are involved in the creation and mineralization of bone tissue, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, which are involved in the reabsorption of bone tissue. [65] Osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause, when it is called "postmenopausal osteoporosis", but may develop in men and premenopausal women in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and other chronic diseases or as a result of smoking and medications, specifically glucocorticoids.

[7] The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon. [20] Two types of bone can be identified microscopically according to the arrangement of collagen: woven and lamellar. In cross-section, the fibers run in opposite directions in alternating layers, much like in plywood, assisting in the bone's ability to resist torsion forces. 2019 Aug 27;18:697-722. doi: 10.17179/excli2019-1675.

Lamellar bone, which has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets ("lamellae") and is mechanically strong. Numerous bone-derived growth factors have been isolated and classified via bone cultures. A number of diseases can affect bone, including arthritis, fractures, infections, osteoporosis and tumours.

[63] Palliative care, which focuses on maximising a person's quality of life, may play a role in management, particularly if the likelihood of survival within five years is poor. Many bone diseases that affect humans also affect other vertebrates – an example of one disorder is skeletal fluorosis. custom in China was that of foot binding to limit the normal growth of the foot. It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity.


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