If the mean score was greater than or equal to 0.8 and there were at least three IIA HITs for that region, we accepted that region as a confident regional origin inference (CRI); otherwise we made no inference.

Table 3 shows the geographic origin proportions we inferred for each museum as well as birth decade information summarized by the average over all IIA records within each museum after removing duplicates.

(B) Clustering based on demographics indicative of museum artist diversity, namely proportion of women and of each ethnic category, as given in Table 2.

The U.S. art museum sector is grappling with diversity. x��][��F�~7���1 -fh��� ౝdO�E6���`8G��&ǎ��㷫�I������g.}}�������/v�ꮞ��o��h�z�l����o��y���C���z����j�y�������f������K���'i��eYH�����DidR)�k�>��b����ۧO�'��Ij�ۻ�O��THQf��? No, Is the Subject Area "Ethnicities" applicable to this article? {� ^�6(p��� 0�����U�ڰ�SYUI*��c����Dk���Y�bծ�:�D������4@}qP�9���hS���h��R����hh?���/�{�8�^p�a�n��m��A���i.�]%ʅ}�U��%�E���-�y�f��W�RKt1��=j!~%dH{�@wz]��`����? Though our survey instrument allowed for the possibility of multiple primary ethnicities, we found that only two out of our 10,108 IIA records were confidently inferred as such. Two months after his death in November 1976, Alexander Calder was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor in the United States. He moved through a number of styles in his artistic career including Surrealism, before he developed his own signature style.

Graduate Program in Data Science, New College of Florida, Sarasota, FL, United States of America, Roles Some artists still may be represented more than once if their name is spelled differently in different museums. The four geographic regions are those used by the U.S. Census Bureau. Of the 80 artists that NAMA identified as women, crowdsourcing inferred one (1%) as a man, 55 (69%) as women, and could not confidently infer gender for the remaining 24 (30%) of the artists. Some of these records were for unknown artists appearing with blank information or the phrase “unknown.” Some corresponded to works with only geographic, cultural, and/or temporal information available, e.g., “North American Indian” or “Unidentified artist, French, second quarter 18th century.” Some were for works created by a design, production, or architecture firm, e.g., “Amstel Porcelain Company.” Finally, some were works created by a collaboration of individuals, e.g., “Maurice Loewy and Pierre Puiseux.”.

One of the most influential sculptors of the twentieth century and perhaps the most acclaimed American sculptor, Alexander Calder is famous for his invention of the mobile, an abstract sculpture that moves in response to touch or air currents by taking advantage of the principle of equilibrium. %PDF-1.7 Writing – review & editing, Affiliation

He produced thousands of public drawings and became one of the most renowned graffiti artists. American Modernism was an artistic and cultural movement which peaked between the two World Wars.

We excluded these responses from gender analysis as we could not confidently conclude any artists to have nonbinary gender. We therefore retained the record as IIA but excluded the one worker who disagreed. Writing – review & editing, Affiliations

MTurk is commonly used for research in the social sciences and computer science [32, 33]. His most famous works include Blue Poles, which was purchased by the National Gallery of Australia in 1973 for A$1.3 million, a then world record for a contemporary American painting; and No.

Data curation, Column 11 of Table 1 summarizes CRI records. Workers were instructed to research the artist using the museum web link provided and any other resources, potentially including Google and Wikipedia. endobj Our work lies in the context of other studies of diversity in academia, advertising, and employment such as [8–10], and has implications for shaping a museum’s collection practices and priorities as well as on the disciplines of art history, cultural history and museum studies.

Writing – review & editing, Roles Second, we only hired workers with an approval rating of 99% or higher for past work, providing confidence in their responses. To detect museums with significantly different diversity from our pool of data at large, we performed statistical tests for differences in proportions.

Of the 18 museums we selected, only one, namely NAMA, provided any gender information, and this information was only available for a subset of the artists. Writing – original draft, Clusters with respect to collection mission do not persist when using the different metric of artist diversity. Our study sheds more light on the demographics of Western artists from the early modern period through the present than it does on those from earlier times and/or those from outside of the West. Because of its growing importance as a research tool, MTurk has itself become a subject of news and study [34]. See notes of Table 1 of main text for museum abbreviations. With respect to gender, DIA, MMA, and MFAB have a significantly lower proportion of women, while MOCA, SFMOMA, and WMAA are higher. Though many still doubt the merit of his work, Andy Warhol is without doubt the most famous American artist.

Depending on the museum, the link pointed to a web page of biographical information about the artist, a specific work by the artist, a page depicting multiple works by the artist, or, simply, the museum’s main web page.

The numbers inside each circle indicate the museum’s collection mission cluster.

Keith Haring brought the elements of what was termed as “low art” into the formerly exclusive “high art” spaces of museums and galleries. PLoS ONE 14(3): Visualization, Because much of the scraped data did not carry structured metadata, and because there exist many different types of non-IIA records (as described above), it is difficult to automatically classify artist records as IIA vs. non-IIA.

Funding: CT was supported by funding from the Williams College Office of the Dean of Faculty, Science Division, Davis Center, and Department of Mathematics and Statistics.

(A) Museum collection mission clusters based on geographic origin and average artist birth year in Table 3.

Supervision, The Life magazine went to the extent of publishing an article whose title asked “Is He the Worst Artist in the U.S.?” The artists responded by saying, “The closer my work is to the original, the more threatening and critical the content”. Finally, in the “other” ethnicity category, there are no outliers on the low end, and DMA and DAM have higher proportions than the pool. Our clustering results expose a very weak association between collection mission and diversity, thereby opening the possibility that a museum wishing to increase diversity in its collection might do so without changing the geographic and/or temporal emphases of its mission. Conceptualization,

Fig 2(C) provides a summary that compares the two clustering schemes, plotting diversity cluster versus collection mission cluster.

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