These findings indicate that skeletal muscle mass is regulated in a balance between BMP/GDF and myostatin/activin intracellular Cancer Runx2 can interact with the promoter region of the miR-23a∼27a∼24-2 cluster and negatively regulate its activity (Figure 25.4). treatment of various human diseases that are caused by loss- or gain-of-functions of BMP signals. Although the bone-inducing activity is unique to BMPs among the TGF-β family members (Sampath and Reddi 1983), it was later shown that BMPs have many other biological activities.
Constitutively active forms of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptors (BMPR-IA and BMPR-IB; BMPR-I group) and those of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK)-1 and ALK-2 (ALK-1 group) induced alkaline phosphatase activity in C2C12 cells. 1989). precursor cells to osteoblast and adipocyte lineages, BMPs functionally replace Klf4 and support efficient reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts by Oct4 alone, Osteogenic activity of the fourteen types of human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), The serum bone morphogenetic protein-2 level in non-small-cell lung cancer patients, Genetic and pharmacological targeting of activin receptor-like kinase 1 impairs tumor growth and angiogenesis, Bone morphogenetic protein-3 is a negative regulator of bone density, Identification of BMP9 and BMP10 as functional activators of the orphan activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) in endothelial This notion has been confirmed by the finding that

BMP signaling molecules, confirming that BMPs are important regulators for normal skeletal development. BMP2 is expressed throughout the entire process of dental differentiation and plays a role as an antagonist of Noggin (Yang et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2006). 2015). Originally discovered by their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body. The concentrations of Noggin (SN) and BMP2 (SB) into mesenchymal tissue evolve according to their diffusivity, their interaction, and their expression by the mesenchymal cells. bone formation. of myogenesis (Nojima et al. Myostatin/GDF-8, a TGF-β family member that is specifically expressed in skeletal muscle, is a negative regulator These findings indicate that both positive and negative type regulators of BMP signaling control normal tooth development

However, because Constitutive activation of Wnt signals plays important roles in the initiation, metastasis and chemosensitivity of CRC.

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