[2], Claudius Gothicus has been linked to Saint Valentine since the Middle Ages. [29], Although it is not proven that the invasion of Gaul was the breaking point between Claudius and Zenobia, the sequence of events point to the siege as an important factor. [35][36] The legend refers to "Emperor Claudius", but Claudius I did not persecute Christians (minus the one mention by Suetonius of Jewish followers of "Chrestus" being expelled from Rome; see Suetonius on Christians), so people believe he was Claudius II even though this emperor spent most of his time warring outside his territory. [20], The death of Gallienus is surrounded by conspiracy and betrayal, as were many emperors' deaths. The most significant source for Claudius II is the biography written by Trebellius Pollio as part of the collection of imperial biographies called the Historia Augusta.
[dubious – discuss] The victory earned Claudius his surname of "Gothicus" (conqueror of the Goths), and that is how he is known to this day.
[25], Claudius was not the only man to reap the benefits of holding high office after the death of Gallienus. Jack Oruch, "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", "What were the causes of the 3rd century crisis in the Roman Empire?
[24] Before his death, he is thought to have named Aurelian as his successor, though Claudius' brother Quintillus briefly seized power. Aurelius Heraclianus' fabled arrival might have been an effort to reassert central control after the death of Odaenathus, but, if so, it failed. In the next year, when Autun revolted, declaring itself for Claudius, the central government made no moves to support it.
[19], Under threat of invasion by multiple tribes, Gallienus' troubles primarily lay with Postumus, whom he could not attack because his attention was required in dealing with Macrianus and the invading Scythians. According to two accounts, the prime conspirator was Aurelius Heraclianus, the Praetorian Prefect. [27], In his first full year of power, Claudius was greatly assisted by the sudden destruction of the imperium Galliarum. [28], It is still unknown why Claudius did nothing to help the city of Autun, but sources tell us his relations with Palmyra were waning in the course of 270.
A group called the Herulians navigated through Asia Minor and then into Greece on a naval expedition. During his reign he fought successfully against the Alemanni and decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. He died after succumbing to "pestilence", possibly the Plague of Cyprian that had ravaged the provinces of the Empire. [17][18], During the 260s, the breakup of the Roman Empire into three distinct governing entities (the core Roman Empire, the Gallic Empire and the Palmyrene Empire) placed the whole Roman imperium into a precarious position. [26] Because these men shared the family name, Marcus Aurelius, a name given to those made citizens by the constitutio Antoniniana, we can understand that these men did not come from the imperial élite. London: Routledge, 2004. While we cannot prove that Heraclianus, Appollinaris, Placidianus, or Marcianus were of Danubian origin themselves, it is clear that none of them were members of the Severan aristocracy, and all of them appear to owe their prominence to their military roles. He was the son of emperor Valerian and Mariniana, who may have been of senatorial rank, possibly the daughter of Egnatius Victor Marinianus, and his brother was Valerianus Minor. Claudius assumed the consulship in 269 with Paternus, a member of the prominent senatorial family, the Paterni, who had supplied consuls and urban prefects throughout Gallienus' reign, and thus were quite influential. At this time, the prefect of Egypt was Tenagino Probus, described as an able soldier who not only defeated an invasion of Cyrenaica by the nomadic tribes to the south in 269, but also was successful in hunting down Scythian ships in the Mediterranean. In a different and more controversial account, Aureolus forges a document in which Gallienus appears to be plotting against his generals and makes sure it falls into the hands of the emperor's senior staff. More importantly, the Goths were soon driven back across the Danube River by Aurelian, and nearly a century passed before they again posed a serious threat to the empire. He was less magnanimous toward Rome's enemies, however, and it was to this that he owed his popularity.
Several developments during Gallienus’ reign are of particular importance. In addition, Flavius Antiochianus, one of the consuls of 270, who was an urban prefect the year before, would continue to hold his office for the following year.
Marius' rule did not last long though, as Victorinus, Postumus' praetorian prefect, defeated him. This would keep Claudius' record of being an ancestor of Constantine from being tainted.
[29], Generally, when a Roman commander is slaughtered it is taken as a sign that a state of war is in existence, and if we can associate the death of Heraclianus in 270, as well as an inscription from Bostra recording the rebuilding of a temple destroyed by the Palmyrene army, then these violent acts could be interpreted the same way. Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. But the confusion evident in this passage, which also places the bulk of Scythian activity during 269 a year earlier, under Gallienus, may stem from a later effort to pile all possible disasters in this year into the reign of the former Emperor. [12], His troops then proclaimed him Emperor[13] amid charges, never proven, that he murdered his predecessor Gallienus. Scholars assume Gallienus' efforts were focused on Aureolus, the officer who betrayed him, and the defeat of the Herulians was left to his successor, Claudius Gothicus. As a result, the city went through a siege, lasting many weeks, until it was finally captured and sacked by Victorinus.
Meijer, Fik.
Should I fall, remember that I am the successor of Gallienus.
Late in 269 he had traveled to Sirmium[13] and was preparing to go to war against the Vandals, who were raiding in Pannonia. [4] Nevertheless, most historians adhere to the first version, moreover, as the Byzantine historian of the 6th century John Malalas reports, at the time of his death Claudius was 56 years old. [21], At the time of Claudius' accession, the Roman Empire was in serious danger from several incursions, both within and outside its borders. The whole republic is fatigued and exhausted. From then on, tension between the two empires would only get worse. [14] However, he soon proved to be less than bloodthirsty, as he asked the Roman Senate to spare the lives of Gallienus' family and supporters. The 6th-century Greek chronicler John Malalas and the Epitome de Caesaribus report that he was about 50 years old at the time of his death, meaning he was born around 218. Not wanting to be without an assigned successor, Gallienus' next son, Saloninus, was soon given the position. IMP(ERATOR) C(AESAR) M(ARCUS) AUR(E)L(IUS) CLAUDIUS P(IUS) F(ELIX) AUG(USTUS), The Empire and Foreign Affairs under Claudius, "Now when the war with the Goths was finished, there spread abroad a most grievous pestilence, and then Claudius himself was stricken by the disease, and, leaving mankind, he departed to heaven, an abode befitting his virtues." In Roman culture, the status gained in procuring a position could be passed on, but not the position itself. [5][6] Claudius came from Dalmatia or Illyricum, although it is possible that his place of birth was the region of Dardania in Moesia Superior. [27], Although we see a rise in Pannonian, Moesian and Illyrian marshals, and foreigners become notable figures, it would be impractical to think the government could function without help from the traditional classes within the empire. ", extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284. After an interlude of failed aristocratic Roman emperors since Maximinus' death, Claudius was the first in a series of tough “soldier emperors” who would eventually restore the Empire after the Crisis of the Third Century.
Weigel, Richard D. "Claudius II Gothicus (268 -270)", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudius_Gothicus&oldid=976904556, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with disputed statements from July 2012, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Augustus, Curran, John R. Pagan City and Christian Capital: Rome in the Fourth Century.
Details of these invasions are abstract, as it is nearly impossible to reconstruct the happenings, due to the chain of conflicts initiated by the Herulians in 268. As the Scythians starved in the mountains or surrendered, the legions pursuing them began to see an epidemic spreading throughout the men. "There They Go Again!"
The tale of his involvement in the conspiracy might be seen as at least partial justification for the murder of Aurelian himself under circumstances that seem remarkably similar to those in this story.
Aurelian's colleague as consul was another such man, Pomponius Bassus, a member of one of the oldest senatorial families, as was one of the consuls in 272, Junius Veldumnianus. [2], The future emperor Marcus Aurelius Claudius was born on May 10, 213 or 214. [2], Claudius did not live long enough to fulfill his goal of reuniting all the lost territories of the empire. Luckily, it was there that Placidianus stopped and Victorinus' position stabilized.
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[dubious – discuss] The victory earned Claudius his surname of "Gothicus" (conqueror of the Goths), and that is how he is known to this day.
[25], Claudius was not the only man to reap the benefits of holding high office after the death of Gallienus. Jack Oruch, "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", "What were the causes of the 3rd century crisis in the Roman Empire?
[24] Before his death, he is thought to have named Aurelian as his successor, though Claudius' brother Quintillus briefly seized power. Aurelius Heraclianus' fabled arrival might have been an effort to reassert central control after the death of Odaenathus, but, if so, it failed. In the next year, when Autun revolted, declaring itself for Claudius, the central government made no moves to support it.
[19], Under threat of invasion by multiple tribes, Gallienus' troubles primarily lay with Postumus, whom he could not attack because his attention was required in dealing with Macrianus and the invading Scythians. According to two accounts, the prime conspirator was Aurelius Heraclianus, the Praetorian Prefect. [27], In his first full year of power, Claudius was greatly assisted by the sudden destruction of the imperium Galliarum. [28], It is still unknown why Claudius did nothing to help the city of Autun, but sources tell us his relations with Palmyra were waning in the course of 270.
A group called the Herulians navigated through Asia Minor and then into Greece on a naval expedition. During his reign he fought successfully against the Alemanni and decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. He died after succumbing to "pestilence", possibly the Plague of Cyprian that had ravaged the provinces of the Empire. [17][18], During the 260s, the breakup of the Roman Empire into three distinct governing entities (the core Roman Empire, the Gallic Empire and the Palmyrene Empire) placed the whole Roman imperium into a precarious position. [26] Because these men shared the family name, Marcus Aurelius, a name given to those made citizens by the constitutio Antoniniana, we can understand that these men did not come from the imperial élite. London: Routledge, 2004. While we cannot prove that Heraclianus, Appollinaris, Placidianus, or Marcianus were of Danubian origin themselves, it is clear that none of them were members of the Severan aristocracy, and all of them appear to owe their prominence to their military roles. He was the son of emperor Valerian and Mariniana, who may have been of senatorial rank, possibly the daughter of Egnatius Victor Marinianus, and his brother was Valerianus Minor. Claudius assumed the consulship in 269 with Paternus, a member of the prominent senatorial family, the Paterni, who had supplied consuls and urban prefects throughout Gallienus' reign, and thus were quite influential. At this time, the prefect of Egypt was Tenagino Probus, described as an able soldier who not only defeated an invasion of Cyrenaica by the nomadic tribes to the south in 269, but also was successful in hunting down Scythian ships in the Mediterranean. In a different and more controversial account, Aureolus forges a document in which Gallienus appears to be plotting against his generals and makes sure it falls into the hands of the emperor's senior staff. More importantly, the Goths were soon driven back across the Danube River by Aurelian, and nearly a century passed before they again posed a serious threat to the empire. He was less magnanimous toward Rome's enemies, however, and it was to this that he owed his popularity.
Several developments during Gallienus’ reign are of particular importance. In addition, Flavius Antiochianus, one of the consuls of 270, who was an urban prefect the year before, would continue to hold his office for the following year.
Marius' rule did not last long though, as Victorinus, Postumus' praetorian prefect, defeated him. This would keep Claudius' record of being an ancestor of Constantine from being tainted.
[29], Generally, when a Roman commander is slaughtered it is taken as a sign that a state of war is in existence, and if we can associate the death of Heraclianus in 270, as well as an inscription from Bostra recording the rebuilding of a temple destroyed by the Palmyrene army, then these violent acts could be interpreted the same way. Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. But the confusion evident in this passage, which also places the bulk of Scythian activity during 269 a year earlier, under Gallienus, may stem from a later effort to pile all possible disasters in this year into the reign of the former Emperor. [12], His troops then proclaimed him Emperor[13] amid charges, never proven, that he murdered his predecessor Gallienus. Scholars assume Gallienus' efforts were focused on Aureolus, the officer who betrayed him, and the defeat of the Herulians was left to his successor, Claudius Gothicus. As a result, the city went through a siege, lasting many weeks, until it was finally captured and sacked by Victorinus.
Meijer, Fik.
Should I fall, remember that I am the successor of Gallienus.
Late in 269 he had traveled to Sirmium[13] and was preparing to go to war against the Vandals, who were raiding in Pannonia. [4] Nevertheless, most historians adhere to the first version, moreover, as the Byzantine historian of the 6th century John Malalas reports, at the time of his death Claudius was 56 years old. [21], At the time of Claudius' accession, the Roman Empire was in serious danger from several incursions, both within and outside its borders. The whole republic is fatigued and exhausted. From then on, tension between the two empires would only get worse. [14] However, he soon proved to be less than bloodthirsty, as he asked the Roman Senate to spare the lives of Gallienus' family and supporters. The 6th-century Greek chronicler John Malalas and the Epitome de Caesaribus report that he was about 50 years old at the time of his death, meaning he was born around 218. Not wanting to be without an assigned successor, Gallienus' next son, Saloninus, was soon given the position. IMP(ERATOR) C(AESAR) M(ARCUS) AUR(E)L(IUS) CLAUDIUS P(IUS) F(ELIX) AUG(USTUS), The Empire and Foreign Affairs under Claudius, "Now when the war with the Goths was finished, there spread abroad a most grievous pestilence, and then Claudius himself was stricken by the disease, and, leaving mankind, he departed to heaven, an abode befitting his virtues." In Roman culture, the status gained in procuring a position could be passed on, but not the position itself. [5][6] Claudius came from Dalmatia or Illyricum, although it is possible that his place of birth was the region of Dardania in Moesia Superior. [27], Although we see a rise in Pannonian, Moesian and Illyrian marshals, and foreigners become notable figures, it would be impractical to think the government could function without help from the traditional classes within the empire. ", extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284. After an interlude of failed aristocratic Roman emperors since Maximinus' death, Claudius was the first in a series of tough “soldier emperors” who would eventually restore the Empire after the Crisis of the Third Century.
Weigel, Richard D. "Claudius II Gothicus (268 -270)", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudius_Gothicus&oldid=976904556, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with disputed statements from July 2012, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Augustus, Curran, John R. Pagan City and Christian Capital: Rome in the Fourth Century.
Details of these invasions are abstract, as it is nearly impossible to reconstruct the happenings, due to the chain of conflicts initiated by the Herulians in 268. As the Scythians starved in the mountains or surrendered, the legions pursuing them began to see an epidemic spreading throughout the men. "There They Go Again!"
The tale of his involvement in the conspiracy might be seen as at least partial justification for the murder of Aurelian himself under circumstances that seem remarkably similar to those in this story.
Aurelian's colleague as consul was another such man, Pomponius Bassus, a member of one of the oldest senatorial families, as was one of the consuls in 272, Junius Veldumnianus. [2], The future emperor Marcus Aurelius Claudius was born on May 10, 213 or 214. [2], Claudius did not live long enough to fulfill his goal of reuniting all the lost territories of the empire. Luckily, it was there that Placidianus stopped and Victorinus' position stabilized.
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