Invasive disease is usually caused by encapsulated strains of the organism. The Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health Project: a 21st century childhood pneumonia etiology study. Available from https://doi.org/www.gov.uk/government/collections/Haemophilus-influenzae-guidance-data-and-analysis), acholecystitis, discitis, endocarditis, and genitourinary infections. Studies from Papua New Guinea, The Gambia, and Pakistan in the 1980s suggested that, in these communities, NTHi was a major cause of pneumonia in children [100–104]. However, since up to 30% of children hospitalised with CAP have co-infection with viruses and bacteria [73], this may be of limited use as a diagnostic test. Molecular detection methods and serotyping performed directly on clinical samples improve diagnostic sensitivity and reveal increased incidence of invasive disease by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Italian children. Rhinovirus disrupts the barrier function of polarized airway epithelial cells. Campos et al [123] reported on invasive H. influenzae infections in the Madrid, Spain, area over a 2-year period (Jan 1999–Dec 2000) at a time of widespread use of the Hib conjugate vaccine. https://doi.org/www.dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr9006427. [academic.oup.com], It usually presents in the 4th or 5th decade of life with symptoms due to thymoma, including cough, dysphagia, dyspnea or hoarseness of voice or related to associated infections (as noted in the case presented), the most common being recurrent sinopulmonary Thorax 2009;64 Suppl 3:iii1–55. N Engl J Med 2002;347:465–71. Haemophilus influenzae serotype a as a cause of serious invasive infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:2114–9. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b by real-time PCR from dried blood spot samples among children with pneumonia: a useful approach for developing countries. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:406–16. Sixteen out of 38 (42%) cases of the NTHi group had significant antibody responses (IgG, IgM, or both) to a preparation of NTHi outer membrane proteins, compared to 2/38 (5.2%) of the control group (p < 0.001, z test for comparison of 2 proportions). The epiglottis is swollen by edema, neutrophils, and macrophages. PMID:3266552, Scott JA, Hall AJ. [icdlist.com], Vaccines for both of these pathogens are available to prevent pneumonia. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:353–9. Anxiety. [visualdx.com], 517 CommunityAcquired Pneumonia Due to Nonfermenting GramNegative Bacilli 531 Miscellaneous Bacterial Causes of CommunityAcquired Pneumonia 541 Listeria 555 Q Fever 571 Acute Q Fever Treatment 585 Parainfluenza Viruses 602 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Chest 2009;136:832–40. Of the haemophili typed, Hib accounted for 19% (6/32) of infections and 56% (18/32) were NTHi. All children younger than 5 years of age should be vaccinated with the Hib vaccine. https://doi.org/www.dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199811000-00004. https://doi.org/www.dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr9009832. It therefore seems highly probable that this organism is capable of causing lower respiratory tract infections, possibly by contiguous spread from the upper airway.

https://doi.org/www.dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1052. The result of this is that the microbiological aetiology of non-bacteraemic CAP is ill-defined. Of 106 cases of invasive Hib disease occurring over a 4-year period (2009–2012), 73% occurred in adults (Figure 1), often with pre-existing co-morbidities, and 56% of the adult cases presented as a bacteraemic pneumonia [96]. NTHi was predominant in all age groups including children <5 years of age.

PMID:18227219, Anderson EC, Begg NT, Crawshaw SC, Hargreaves RM, Howard AJ, Slack MP. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:2832–6. Bacteremia: An infection of the blood. Hib bacteria can live harmlessly in the throat of healthy people. NTHi is the predominant bacterial pathogen in respiratory tract infections in both children and adults: otitis media in infants and young children, sinusitis in older children and adults, non-bacteraemic pneumonia in elderly adults, and acute exacerbations of COPD in adults [55].
PMID:16500596, Schell RF, Le Frock JL, Babu JP, Robinson DB. Pneumonia, particularly severe and recurrent pneumonia, in young children is a risk factor for chronic suppurative lung disease and bronchiectasis in childhood [5–7], which are both debilitating and risk factors for premature death [8]. [histopathology-india.net], Symptoms of pneumonia usually include: Fever Cough Shortness of breath Chills Sweating Chest pain that comes and goes with breathing Headache Muscle pain Excessive tiredness 4. There were 23 cases of pneumonia and 79% of these were due to NTHi. Sputum samples with >25 neutrophils and <10 squamous epithelial cells per low power field were deemed suitable for microbiological culture. Hib has a polyribosyl ribitol phosphate capsule. PMID:343723, Barnes DJ, Naraqi S, Igo JD. Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus. An Official Clinical... Haemophilus Infections -- see more articles, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, health information in languages other than English, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Haemophilus influenzae more commonly presents as a bronchopneumonia. https://doi.org/www.dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03417.x. The Pneumococcal Vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan (Pneumo-ADIP) developed a case definition for childhood pneumonia, based on cough, respiratory difficulty, and tachypnoea [56]; however, many published studies use different case definitions, making comparisons difficult.
The bacteriology of acute pneumonia and meningitis in children in Papua New Guinea: assumptions, facts and technical strategies. Haemophilus influenzae is a small, gram-negative, facultative anaerobic organism with a variable appearance on clinical specimens ranging from coccobacilli to long filaments. The generally held view is that NTHi is an uncommon cause of pneumonia, except in adults with COPD. More citations were identified from references in these initial searches. Most of the literature on the subject was published more than 10 years ago. MPES agrees with the manuscript’s results and conclusions. Six typeable capsular serotypes (a-f) are known to cause disease; non-typeable encapsulated strains can occasionally cause invasive disease.

To assess the reliability of paediatric chest radiograph interpretation, three paediatric sub-specialists (infectious diseases, radiology and respiratory medicine) reviewed 3,033 chest radiographs taken from children aged <5 years presenting with an acute febrile illness. MPES contributed entirely to the drafting and writing of the paper. Clinical practice. NTHi is a well-recognised cause of mucosal infections such as otitis media, sinusitis, and exacerbations of COPD. https://doi.org/www.dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/tru058. Infection of lung by Haemophilus influenzae produces fever, cough, purulent sputum. [insights.ovid.com], Conjugate Hib and S. pneumoniae vaccines could prevent many of the serious infections resulting in hospitalization of Guatemalan children (6, 9, 13, 22–25).


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