The whole extent of the Mediterranean Sea, its coasts and its islands, were comprised within the Roman dominion. 1, is supposed to be a mere slip of the pen for Iulias.

The veterans, instead of being flattered by the advantageous distinction, were alarmed by the first steps of the emperor, which they considered as the presage of his future intentions. Dion, l. lxxiii. [The army of Gordian halted on its way and cleared Thrace of barbarian invaders, Alans, Goths, and Sarmatians. By his valour and abilities he had raised himself from the meanest origin to the first employments of the state and army. The new candidate for empire saw and improved the peculiar advantage of his situation. [Germ.

A natural mildness and moderation of temper preserved him from the assaults of passion and the allurements of vice. The abridgment of Xiphilin, though less particular, is in this place clearer than the original. All the really good stuff historically is in the first half. Budzak, Crim Tartary, Circassia, and Mingrelia are the modern appellations of those savage countries.89, Under the successors of Alexander, Syria was the seat of the Seleucidæ, who reigned over Upper Asia, till the successful revolt of the Parthians confined their dominions between the Euphrates and the Mediterranean. p. 197. (2) All the Dalmatian coast, including Ragusa, belongs to Austria, but Antivari and Dulcigno belong to the independent Slavonic principality of Tzernagora or Montenegro (which was founded in the middle of the fifteenth century, preserved its independence against the Turks with varying success ever since, and in our own time played a conspicuous part in the events of 1876 to 1878, which so effectually checked the power of the Turk). Consular and Tribunitian powers .

August.

A tenth cohort was subsequently added, but the exact date of this addition is not clear. Atque illum nemore Aricino desidem et marcentem,” &c. Tacit. Though the classical languages became familiar to him, he never acquired or greatly valued the minute and finished scholarship which is the boast of the chief English schools; and careful students have observed that in following Greek books he must have very largely used the Latin translations.

The favour of a tyrant does not always suppose a want of merit in the object of it; he may, without intending it, reward a man of worth and ability, or he may find such a man useful to his own service.

Novempopuli, a province cut off from Aquitania by Trajan.

His long life was innocently spent in the study of letters and the peaceful honours of Rome; and, till he was named proconsul of Africa by the voice of the senate and the approbation of Alexander,22 he appears prudently to have declined the command of armies and the government of provinces. Achaia. ], Dion (l. lxxv. The princes of the house of Seleucus usurped and lost the Macedonian command over the East. Jud. ], The elevation of Caracalla is fixed by the accurate M. de Tillemont to the year 198; the association of Geta, to the year 208. It was indifferent to them what shape the folly of the multitude might choose to assume; and they approached, with the same inward contempt and the same external reverence, the altars of the Libyan, the Olympian, or the Capitoline Jupiter.8, It is not easy to conceive from what motives a spirit of persecution could introduce itself into the Roman councils. He had not enjoyed that school and university training in the languages and literatures of Greece and Rome which is probably the best preparation for historical research.

10, xix. Ratify my choice, conscript fathers, or appoint, in their place, others more worthy of the empire.” The general apprehension silenced the whispers of jealousy; the merit of the candidates was universally acknowledged; and the house resounded with the sincere acclamations of “Long life and victory to the Emperors Maximus and Balbinus. I am persuaded that the granaries of Severus were supplied for a long term, but I am not less persuaded that policy on one hand, and admiration on the other, magnified the hoard far beyond its true contents. “Victori Persarum, victori, &c. — sed non victori Philipporum.” It seems that Gordian had suffered a reverse in some skirmish with the Alans near Philippi. As soon as their divinity was established by law, Edition: current; Page: [89] it sunk into oblivion, without contributing either to their own fame or to the dignity of succeeding princes.

His honest indiscretion united against him the servile crowd, who found their private benefit in the public disorders, and who preferred the favour of a tyrant to the inexorable equality of the laws.58. See Spanheim’s treatise of ancient medals, the inscriptions, and our learned travellers Spon and Wheeler, Shaw, Pocock, &c., who, in Africa, Greece, and Asia, have found more monuments of Severus, than of any other Roman emperor whatsoever. He penetrated to the northern extremity of the island without meeting an enemy. . Perhaps their favourable opinion may encourage me to prosecute a work, which, however laborious it may seem, is the most agreeable occupation of my leisure hours. Followed, as it is said, by two millions of men, Xerxes, the descendant of Cyrus, invaded Greece. . The pious Abbé de la Bléterie is very angry with Tacitus, talks of the devil who was a murderer from the beginning, &c., &c. Many traces of this policy may be discovered in Tacitus and Dion; and many more may be inferred from the principles of human nature.

The Persian Monarchy restored by Artaxerxes . 17].

Yet Commodus was not, as he has been represented, a tiger born with an insatiate thirst of human blood, and capable, from his infancy, of the most inhuman actions.8 Nature had formed him of a weak, rather than a wicked, disposition.

Dion, l. lxxix. Büttner-Wobst on one side, C. de Boor on the other, have been working effectually on the same lines, clearing up the haze which surrounds George the Monk — the time has gone by for calling him George Hamartolus. The provinces fell into two classes according as consulars or prætorians were admitted to the post of governor. 2. 61.

Valesianus, Eusebius, Zosimus, will be noticed in the Appendix to vol. Tiberius, and those emperors who adopted his maxims, attempted to disguise their murders by the formalities of justice, and perhaps enjoyed a secret pleasure in rendering the senate their accomplice as well as their victim. The former was esteemed the centre of public unity, and the firm basis of the constitution. They have left us the most sublime proofs of the existence and perfections of the first cause; but, as it was impossible for them to conceive the creation of matter, the workman in the Stoic philosophy was not sufficiently distinguished from the work; whilst, on the contrary, the spiritual God of Plato and his disciples Edition: current; Page: [38] resembled an idea rather than a substance. The book was published in multiple languages including English, consists of 1952 pages and is available in Hardcover format. We may say at least that the meaning of the philosophy of history is misapprehended until it is recognised that its function is not to solve problems but to transform them. in 2 vols.).

He was attended by a body of cavalry; but having stopped on the road for some necessary occasion, his guards preserved a respectful distance, and Martialis, approaching his person under a pretence of duty, stabbed him with a dagger.43 The bold assassin was instantly killed by a Scythian archer of the Imperial guard. i. His observation, that the Indian commodities were sold at Rome at a hundred times their original price, may give us some notion of the produce of the customs, since that original price amounted to more than eight hundred thousand pounds.

It is probable that the work of Pollio was a continuation of another series of Lives which ended with the accession of Philip; and it is possible that this presumable series may have been actually that of Spartian or Vulcacius, but it is quite uncertain. This city was decorated, probably by the Gordians, with the title of colony, and with a fine amphitheatre, which is still in a very perfect state.

Gibbon hated the Byzantines, thought they were appallingly religious and ineluctably corrupt. Cæsar himself conceals that ignoble motive; but it is mentioned by Suetonius, c. 47. He was the fifth Parthian king of that name. p. 154 [8]) had seen very ridiculous pictures, in which a figure was drawn with one side of the face like Alexander, and the other like Caracalla.

ii. VII. We may recollect how often the diets of Poland have been polluted with blood, and the more numerous party has been compelled to yield to the more violent and seditious.47, A general of the tribe was elected on occasions of danger; and, if the danger was pressing and extensive, several tribes concurred in the choice of the same general. A great army was at that time assembled on the banks of the Rhine, under the command of the emperor himself, who, almost immediately after his return from the Persian war, had been obliged to march against the barbarians of Germany. His new work on the reservoirs of Constantinople may be specially mentioned. Beyond the frontiers, his anxious view could discover nothing, except the ocean, inhospitable deserts, hostile tribes of barbarians, of fierce manners and unknown language, or dependent kings, who would gladly purchase the emperor’s protection Edition: current; Page: [105] by the sacrifice of an obnoxious fugitive.68 “Wherever you are,” said Cicero to the exiled Marcellus, “remember that you are equally within the power of the conqueror.”69, The cruelty, follies, and murder of Commodus — Election of Pertinax — his attempts to reform the State — his assassination by the Prætorian Guards. 1 [1776], Augustus Caesar. Herodian, l. i. p. 31 [12].
xxiii. [Corp. Insc.
Under the protection of an established government, Edition: current; Page: [66] the productions of happier climates and the industry of more civilised nations were gradually introduced into the western countries of Europe; and the natives were encouraged, by an open and profitable commerce, to multiply the former as well as to improve the latter. A notice of Fredegarius will not be necessarily applicable to the age of the sons and grandsons of Chlodwig, and a custom which was familiar to Gregory or Venantius may have become obsolete before the days of the last Merwings. He was consul about the year 175. The most rigid economy in every other branch of the administration supplied a fund of gold and silver for the ordinary pay and the extraordinary rewards of the troops. i. p. 273, &c., and M. Freret. 13.

A defeat, by disabling the chief from the performance of his engagements, dissolved the mercenary allegiance of his followers, and left them to consult their own safety by a timely desertion of an unsuccessful cause. But the situation of the latter opened a much larger field for the exercise of those virtues.


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