J HG Basile The balance of these lipid mediators both in cell culture and in vivo affects the outcome of infection, via influence on mechanisms of macrophage cell death (Bafica et al.2005; Chen et al.2008; Behar, Divangahi and Remold 2010; Divangahi et al.2010). S Dkhar Sher

D Linas et al. S 3rd LE B, Averill

BB Lewis Y C DD Hansson Ojo Kunjathoor Recent characterization of human granulomas suggests a pro-inflammatory central milieu associated with necrotic cores and with pro-inflammatory eicosanoids that impact TNF production (Marakalala et al.2016). F. Guilliams Eum Y Actor E

Riol-Blanco JW. Macrophages, the principal phagocytic (cell-engulfing) components of the immune system, ingest and destroy foreign particles such as bacteria.

Di Conza et al. et al. Mogilenko Scanning electron micrograph of a macrophage (purple) attacking a cancer cell (yellow). J Identification of macrophage polarization states in vivo is more complicated than in in vitro systems, as individual macrophages are subjected to complex stimuli, and macrophage phenotypes are often mixed within a particular tissue region or at different times during disease (Sica and Mantovani 2012). Gonzalez-Dominguez The T-lymphocytes then develop surface receptors for specific antigens. J M Feng Recent work has shown that diverse macrophage subsets (and indeed diverse phagocytes e.g. MyD88-independent macrophages were shown to produce less inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) compared to MyD88-dependent macrophages making them more permissive for mycobacterial growth (Cambier et al.2014).

A Shay In contrast to other populations, alveolar macrophages have the ability to self-renew (Hashimoto et al.2013), and have recently been shown to naturally express low levels of MafB and cMaf, transcription factors that generally repress a suite of genes regulating macrophage self-renewal (Soucie et al.2016). Huang Hulette Although it was previously believed that macrophages were induced to convert to an epithelioid phenotype through the action of T cells secreting lymphokines, experiments in athymic mice (Epstein et al.1979; Tanaka et al.1982), larval zebrafish void of functional adaptive immunity (Davis et al.2002) and in in vitro conditions absent lymphokine stimulation (Feng et al.2014; Huang et al.2015) have demonstrated epithelioid conversion and granuloma formation independent of classical adaptive immunity. K. Yang V et al. A lively and informative new podcast for kids that the whole family will enjoy! DG The CD16+ subset of monocytes gives rise to a subset of macrophages that are atypical in secreting elevated levels of TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6 but reduced IL-10 (Frankenberger et al.1996; Aguilar-Ruiz et al.2011), while also displaying increased pro-angiogenic behavior and motility (Wong et al.2012). Mtb-infected macrophages and dendritic cells migrate from alveolar spaces and into the lung interstitium and surrounding tissues, where they are able to either enter the lymphatic or hematogenous systems spreading to other organs and causing primary progressive disease, migrate to draining lymph nodes initiating the adaptive response, or aggregate into characteristic structures called granulomas (Frieden et al.2003). et al.

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M Bacilli are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages, tissue-specialized macrophages residing in and acting to clear air spaces of infectious, toxic, or allergenic particles that have evaded the mechanical defenses of the respiratory tract (Rubins 2003). Insights into the salivary N-glycome of Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis. Behar

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