Depending on the environment, these tiny particles can … Role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pknD in the Pathogenesis of central nervous system tuberculosis Nicholas A Be,1,2William R Bishai,1and Sanjay K Jain1,2,3 1Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA M. tuberculosis has devoted a large part of its genome towards functions that allow it to successfully establish latent or progressive infection in the majority of infected individuals. It can only be spread through air droplets originating from a person who has the disease either coughing, sneezing, speaking, or singing. is carried in airborne particles, called droplet nuclei, of 1– 5 microns in diameter. During infection, the host restrains Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) from proliferating by imposing an arsenal of stresses. Humans are the only known reservoirs of M. tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infectious disease caused by the obligate human pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A dose of one to 10 bacilli are dispersed throughout the air, making the risk of transmission likely. Mycobacteria are a distinctive rod-shaped bacteria that share a common property of a lipid-rich cell wall that avidly retains Carbol fuchsin dye even in the presence of acidic alcohol (acid fast staining). In addition, the pathogen may play a role in disease progression since some M. tuberculosis strains are reportedly more virulent than others, as defined by increased transmissibility as well as being associated with higher morbidity and mortality in infected individuals. Phagocytosis of tubercle bacilli by antigen-presenting cells in human lung alveoli initiates a complex infection process by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a potentially protective immune response by the host. Infectious droplet nuclei are generated when persons who have pulmonary or laryngeal TB disease cough, sneeze, shout, or sing. The main pathology in the infected tissue caused by mycobacterial infection is primarily due to responses of the host to M. tuberculosis infection rather than any virulence factor produced by it.

A misconception is that M. tuberculosis can be spread by shaking hands, making contact with toilet seats, sharing food or drink, sharing toothbrushes, or kissing. Virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis A. Mycolic acid and Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) Waxy layer that protects the bacteria from many host factors and also to many antibiotics including beta lactamases. Muramyl dipeptide (from peptidoglycan) complexed with mycolic acids can cause granuloma formation, phospholipids induce caseous necrosis. Despite this onslaught of attacks, Mtb is able to persist for the lifetime of the host, indicating that this pathogen has substantial molecular mechanisms to resist host-inflicted damage. Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis (TB) Infection The cycle of TB infection begins with dispersion of M. tuberculosis aerosols.

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