Ghirlandaio painted beautiful glass bottles with wine and water, loafs of bread, cherries and other red fruits.

The painter began by copying the sinopia outline, which showed through from the layer underneath, onto the wet plaster, and then started to paint using ground pigments mixed with water. Wine, water and bread refer to the Eucharist as there were necessary elements of every Holy Mass. Faces were usually painted starting with light shades and progressing to darker ones. They discuss and argue about the words they have just heard “One of  you will betray me” (John 13:21). [2] Castagno painted a large chamber with life-sized figures that confronted the nuns at every meal.

Could there be any meaning of this curious detail? The most important treaty on this subject, Rhetorica ad Herennium, dating back to 90 AD, was well known and vastly copied in the Medieval monasteries and convents. The surface had to be very rough to allow the second layer of plaster to adhere to it easily.

This iconography was inspired by Saint Bonaventure’s treaty of the same title and during the Middle Ages it functioned also as a powerful and useful tool for monks’ mnemonic exercises. Therefore, here, just like in Santa Croce, the representation of the Last Supper is a part of a more complex theological message.
Using the width of the entire wall of the refectory, Ghirlandaio imagined the cenacle located in a vaulted room, partially open to a garden. The surface had to be perfectly smooth surface and remain wet throughout the entire painting process and was therefore only applied to an area that the artist could complete painting in one day. ‘The Last Supper’ was created in 1447 by Andrea del Castagno in Early Renaissance style.

After the backing has completely dried, the cloth covering used to protect the front of the fresco during detachment is removed using a hot water spray and decoloured ethyl alcohol.'
Almost 100 years later, in 1445, another Florentine artist, Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla, called Andrea del Castagno, was commissioned a fresco decoration in the refectory of a feminine monastery of Saint Apollonia.Also here, just like in Santa Croce, the iconographic program included the scene of the Last Supper … Let me take you on a tour through my favourite Florentine Cenacoli! Since then the walls of the Florentine refectories, the rooms where the monks and the nuns used to meet for a common meals, were decorated with the images of Christ sharing his last supper before the Passion with the apostles. Cenacolo di Sant’Apollonia by Andrea del Castagno.

Jesus with his disciples sit all around the table. In 1440 he moved to Florence under the protection of Bernadetto de' Medici. Above the Last Supper you can admire three scenes, clearly separated by two windows. Leonardo painted the fresco between 1494 and 1498 and not long after his work was praised by the art lovers and copied by other painters. The figures are arranged behind a long narrow table, with the exception of the Apostle at each end and Judas Iscariot isolated on the front side.


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