Curr Protoc Immunol. mBio. Borgeoud and colleagues showed that the T6SS-encoding gene cluster is under the positive control of the competence regulators TfoX and QstR and fosters horizontal gene transfer by making exogenous DNA accessible to V. cholerae cells (56, 57). Gut.

Combined with the presence of selective pressures such as grazing, phage predation, and environmental fluctuations, it is possible that the bacteria are prompted to regularly adapt and to develop novel defensive strategies, which might drive the emergence of virulence properties (155–157). S1C). Schmidt TSB, Raes J, Bork P. The human gut microbiome: from association to modulation. Based on our results presented in Fig. Overall, we provide insights into how a symbiotic microbe and a pathogenic intruder interact inside host intestine.

2009;77(9):3807–16. Microbial compositions at the phylum level are shown in pie charts. 2014;5:3114. Aliquots of lysates (small intestine or cecum) were serially diluted for V. cholerae CFU counting on LB agar supplemented with 200 μg/mL SM. Germ-free mice (C57BL/6, 8~9 weeks old, n = 3 or 4 per group) ingested 50 μL PBS (n = 3), heat-inactivated (autoclaved) B. vulgatus cell suspension (n = 4), or live B. vulgatus cell suspension (n = 4).

1g vs. c). Each strain was mixed at a 1:1 ratio, and 100 μl of the prepared mixture (total 109 CFU) was administered to 8- to 9-week-old female C57BL/6 mice (either untreated or CL-treated) by oral gavage. Part of Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Consistent with this notion, depletion of sialic acid (Neu5Ac) transporters (encoded in VC1777-1779) attenuates colonization [69]. From Hype to Hope: The gut microbiota in enteric infectious disease.

CT constitutively activates adenylate cyclase by ADP-ribosylating a coupled G-protein, which leads to increased intracellular cAMP levels (5, 6). 2011;108(Suppl 1):4554–61. For example, compositional shift induced by an external factor may, in turn, modulate the host immune response via production of specific metabolites [8].

Environmental reservoirs and mechanisms of persistence of, Cholera: environmental reservoirs and impact on disease transmission, Intracellular survival and replication of, Seasonal epidemics of cholera inversely correlate with the prevalence of environmental cholera phages, Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: role of host-mediated amplification of phage, Evolutionary consequences of intra-patient phage predation on microbial populations, Within-host evolution of bacterial pathogens, Rules of engagement: the type VI secretion system in, Type VI secretion apparatus and phage tail-associated protein complexes share a common evolutionary origin, Genetic analysis of anti-amoebae and anti-bacterial activities of the type VI secretion system in, Pathoadaptive conditional regulation of the type VI secretion system in, Commensal-pathogen competition impacts host viability, Quorum sensing and a global regulator TsrA control expression of type VI secretion and virulence in, CytR is a global positive regulator of competence, type VI secretion, and chitinases in, Interbacterial predation as a strategy for DNA acquisition in naturally competent bacteria, Quorum-sensing regulators control virulence gene expression in, Quorum sensing-dependent biofilms enhance colonization in, Small talk: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria, Parallel quorum sensing systems converge to regulate virulence in, Quorum sensing controls biofilm formation in, The regulatory network of natural competence and transformation of, Quorum regulatory small RNAs repress type VI secretion in, Genetic and phenotypic diversity of quorum-sensing systems in clinical and environmental isolates of, Haemagglutinin/protease expression and mucin gel penetration in El Tor biotype, Role of GbpA protein, an important virulence-related colonization factor, for, Conservation of the chitin utilization pathway in the, Genetic mapping of secretion and functional determinants of the, Secretion of a soluble colonization factor by the TCP type 4 pilus biogenesis pathway in, Delineation of pilin domains required for bacterial association into microcolonies and intestinal colonization by, Virulence and the environment: a novel role for, Characterization of VPI pathogenicity island and CTXϕ prophage in environmental strains of, Molecular mechanism of acquisition of the cholera toxin genes, Phage-bacterial interactions in the evolution of toxigenic, Cholera toxin disrupts barrier function by inhibiting exocyst-mediated trafficking of host proteins to intestinal cell junctions, Colonization of the gut of the blue crab (, The genomic code: inferring Vibrionaceae niche specialization, Synthesis of cholera toxin is positively regulated at the transcriptional level by, Differential expression of the ToxR regulon in classical and E1 Tor biotypes of, ToxR antagonizes H-NS regulation of horizontally acquired genes to drive host colonization, Periplasmic interaction between two membrane regulatory proteins, ToxR and ToxS, results in signal transduction and transcriptional activation, TcpP protein is a positive regulator of virulence gene expression in, Proteolysis of virulence regulator ToxR is associated with entry of, Role of ToxS in the proteolytic cascade of virulence regulator ToxR in, Effects of amino acid supplementation on porin expression and ToxR levels in, A novel suicide vector and its use in construction of insertion mutations: osmoregulation of outer membrane proteins and virulence determinants in, ToxR interferes with CRP-dependent transcriptional activation of, A branch in the ToxR regulatory cascade of, The virulence regulatory protein ToxR mediates enhanced bile resistance in, The ToxR-mediated organic acid tolerance response of, Coordinated regulation of accessory genetic elements produces cyclic di-nucleotides for, Genomic and phenotypic characterization of, Bacterial catabolism of nonulosonic (sialic) acid and fitness in the gut, Insights into the evolution 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repeats-in-toxin toxins, In vivo covalent cross-linking of cellular actin by the, Multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxins of vibrios, RTX proteins: a highly diverse family secreted by a common mechanism, Grazing of protozoa and its effect on populations of aquatic bacteria, Significance of predation by protists in aquatic microbial food webs, The rise of pathogens: predation as a factor driving the evolution of human pathogens in the environment, Submission, Review, & Publication Processes, Environmental Role of Pathogenic Traits in Vibrio cholerae, MANNOSE-SENSITIVE HEMAGGLUTININ AND BIOFILM FORMATION.
2003;47(1):363–7. The bacterial species Vibrio cholerae includes harmless aquatic strains as well as strains capable of causing epidemics and global pandemics of cholera. Bacteroides fragilis prevents Clostridium difficile infection in a mouse model by restoring gut barrier and microbiome regulation.
It is tempting to speculate that V. cholerae might establish a symbiotic relationship with those crustaceans, obtaining a suitable place to attach and to feed while providing the host with a powerful osmoregulator. Springer Nature. Multidisciplinary approaches that integrate fields such as genomics, evolutionary ecology, and pathogenesis might provide us with the knowledge and tools to understand the sets of conditions and the environmental drivers that lead to the emergence and acquisition of virulent traits in bacterial populations. 7). Google Scholar. A V. cholerae ΔtcpA mutant is defective in colonizing the intestine of CL-treated adult mouse.


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